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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00034_Field_frep20b.txt
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1996-12-30
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To speak, as I do here, of
separate stages immediately
raises our problem with
genealogy. In the retina, as we
will see in Chapter 3, the
minimum number of stages
between receptors and the
output is certainly three, but
because of two other kinds of
cells, some information takes a
more diverted course, with four
or five stages from input to
output. For the sake of
convenience, the diagram
ignores these detours despite
their importance, and makes
the wiring look simpler than it
really is. When I speak of the
retinal ganglion cells as "stage
3 or 4", it's not that I have
forgotten how many there are.
To appreciate the kind of
transfer of information that
takes place in a network of this
kind, we may begin by
considering the behavior of a
single retinal ganglion cell. We
know from its anatomy that
such a cell gets input from
many bipolar cells--perhaps 12,
100, or 1000--and that each of
these cells is in turn fed by a
similar number of receptors. As
a general rule, all the cells
feeding into a single cell at a
given stage, such as the bipolar
cells that feed into a single
retinal ganglion cell, are
grouped closely together. In the
case of the retina, the cells
connected to any one cell at the
next stage occupy an area 1 to 2
millimeters in diameter; they
are certainly not peppered all
over the retina. Another way of
putting this is that none of the
connections within the retina
are longer than about 1 to 2
millimeters.
If we had a detailed
description of all the
connections in such a
structure and knew enough
about the cellular physiology--
for example, which
connections were excitatory
and which inhibitory--we
should in principle be able to
deduce the nature of the
operation on the information.
In the case of the retina and
the cortex, the knowledge
available is nowhere near what
we require. So far, the most
efficient way to tackle the
problem has been to record from
the cells with microelectrodes
and compare their inputs and
outputs. In the visual system,
this amounts to asking what
happens in a cell such as a
retinal ganglion cell or a
cortical cell when the eye is
exposed to a visual image.